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''Extrasensory Perception'' is a 1934 book written by parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine, which discusses his research work at Duke University. Extrasensory perception is the ability to acquire information shielded from the senses, and the book was "of such a scope and of such promise as to revolutionize psychical research and to make its title literally a household phrase".〔Craighead, E. D; Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). ''Rhine, Joseph Banks''. In ''The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science''. John Wiley. p. 1141. ISBN 978-0-471-24400-4〕 ==Reception== The book received worldwide attention and became the focus of criticism and controversy when some objections were raised about the validity of Rhine's work. The parapsychology experiments described by Rhine received much criticism from academics and others who challenged the concepts and evidence of ESP. A number of psychological departments attempted to repeat Rhine's experiments with failure. W. S. Cox (1936) from Princeton University with 132 subjects produced 25, 064 trials in a playing card ESP experiment. Cox concluded "There is no evidence of extrasensory perception either in the 'average man' or of the group investigated or in any particular individual of that group. The discrepancy between these results and those obtained by Rhine is due either to uncontrollable factors in experimental procedure or to the difference in the subjects."〔Cox, W. S. (1936). ''An experiment in ESP''. Journal of Experimental Psychology 12: 437.〕 Four other psychological departments failed to replicate Rhine's results.〔Jastrow, Joseph. (1938). ''ESP, House of Cards''. The American Scholar. Vol. 8, No. 1. pp. 13-22. "Rhine’s results fail to be confirmed. At Colgate University (40, 000 tests, 7 subjects), at Chicago (extensive series on 315 students), at Southern Methodist College (75, 000 tests), at Glasgow, Scotland (6, 650 tests), at London University (105, 000 tests), not a single individual was found who under rigidly conducted experiments could score above chance. At Stanford University it has been convincingly shown that the conditions favorable to the intrusion of subtle errors produce above-chance records which come down to chance when sources of error are eliminated."〕〔Cited in Hansel, C. E. M. ''The Search for a Demonstration of ESP''. In Paul Kurtz. (1985). ''A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology''. Prometheus Books. pp. 105-127. ISBN 0-87975-300-5 *Adam, E. T. (1938). ''A summary of some negative experiments''. Journal of Parapsychology 2: 232-236. *Crumbaugh, J. C. (1938). ''An experimental study of extra-sensory perception''. Masters thesis. Southern Methodist University. *Heinlein, C. P; Heinlein, J. H. (1938). ''Critique of the premises of statistical methodology of parapsychology''. Journal of Parapsychology 5: 135-148. *Willoughby, R. R. (1938). ''Further card-guessing experiments''. Journal of Psychology 18: 3-13.〕 Rhine's experiments were discredited due to the discovery that sensory leakage or cheating could account for all his results such as the subject being able to read the symbols from the back of the cards and being able to see and hear the experimenter to note subtle clues.〔Gulliksen, Harold. (1938). ''Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?''. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623-634. "Investigating Rhine's methods, we find that his mathematical methods are wrong and that the effect of this error would in some cases be negligible and in others very marked. We find that many of his experiments were set up in a manner which would tend to increase, instead of to diminish, the possibility of systematic clerical errors; and lastly, that the ESP cards can be read from the back."〕〔Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren. (1989). ''Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking''. Psychology Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0805805086〕〔Hines, Terence. (2003). ''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-1573929790 "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories."〕〔Smith, Jonathan. (2009). (''Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit'' ). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405181228. "Today, researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Extrasensory Perception (book)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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